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Shedding new light on the bleak land of the universe

We live in a mysterious universe, most of which we cannot see. What is it made of and has its composition changed over time? Starlit galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are embedded within invisible halos made of transparent material that scientists refer to as the “dark matter.” This mysterious substance creates a huge structure, invisible throughout space and time: a fabulous and fantastic tapestry woven with heavy filaments composed of this “dark” matter, which is believed to have formed from exotic non-atomic particles and not identified. In March 2020, a team of scientists announced that they had identified a subatomic particle that could have formed the dark matter in the Universe during its Big Bang birth.

Scientists believe that up to 80% of the Universe could be dark matter, but despite years of research, its origin remains an enigma. Although it cannot be directly observed, most astronomers think that this ghostly form of matter is actually over there because it dances gravitationally with forms of matter that can be observed, like stars and planets. This invisible material is made up of exotic particles that do not emit, absorb or reflect light.

A team of nuclear physicists from the University of York (UK) is now proposing a new candidate particle for this ghostly material, a particle they recently detected called star hexaquark d.

Tea d star hexaquark consists of six quarks–the fundamental particles that normally combine in trios to form the protons and neutrons of the atomic nucleus.

Raise a quark to reunite Mark

Irish novelist James Joyce (1882-1941) had a drunken character in Finnegan’s Wake I raised a quarter of a dark beer to toast a man named Finnegan who had just died. He mistakenly said “raise a quark to reunite Mark”. The American physicist, Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann (1929-2019), who was one of the scientists who proposed the existence of the quark in 1964, he thought it was so funny that he named this subparticle after the drunken host. The Russian-American physicist George Zweig also independently proposed the existence of the quark that same year.

HAS quark It is a type of elementary particle that is a fundamental constituent of matter. quarks combine to create composite particles called hadrons. hadrons are subatomic particles of a type that includes protons Y neutrons, who can participate in the strong interaction that holds atomic nuclei together. In fact, the most stable hadrons is it so protons Y neutrons–the components that make up the nuclei of atoms. Due to a phenomenon term color containment, quarks they have not been directly observed or found in isolation. For this reason, they have been found only within hadrons. Because of this, much of what scientists have learned about quarks has been derived from the study hadrons.

quarks they also display certain intrinsic properties, such as mass, color, electric charge, and spin. They are the only elementary particle known in the Standard model of particle physics to show the four fundamental interactions, also called fundamental forces–tea strong interaction, the weak interaction, gravitationY electromagnetism. quarks they are also the only known elementary particles whose electric charges are not integer multiples of the elementary charge.

the types of quarks are known as flavors: up, down, bizarre, charm, bottom, Y upper part. The weight quarks quickly undergo a metamorphosis into until Y down quarks as a result of a process called particle decomposition. particle decomposition refers to the transformation of a state of higher mass to states of lower mass. For this reason, until Y down quarks are stable, as well as the most abundant in the Universe. Unlike, bizarre, lovely, background, Y upper part quarks it can only occur in high-energy collisions, such as those involving cosmic rays or particle accelerators. For each quark flavor there is a corresponding antiquark Tea antiparticle antiquark differs from the quark only on certain properties, such as electric charge. Tea antiquark antiparticles They have the same magnitude but opposite sign.

There was little evidence of the physical existence of quarks until deep inelastic scattering experiments were performed in the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968. Accelerator experiments have provided evidence for the existence of the six flavors. Tea top quarkfirst observed in Fermilab in 1995, it was the last to be discovered.

The land of the shadows of the universe

It is often said that most of our Universe is “gone”, made up mostly of an unidentified substance known as dark energy. the mysterious dark energy it is causing the Universe to accelerate in its expansion, and it is thought to be a property of Space itself.

The most recent measurements indicate that the Universe is composed of approximately 70% dark energy and 25% dark matter. Currently, both the origin and the nature of the mysterious dark matter Y dark energy are unknown. A considerably smaller fraction of our Universe is made up of so-called “ordinary” atomic matter. “Ordinary” atomic matter – which is really extraordinary – is comparatively scarce. However, it is the material that accounts for all the elements listed in the familiar Periodic table. Despite being the little “little” of the cosmic litter of three, “ordinary” atomic matter is what makes up the stars, planets, moons and people, everything with which human beings on Earth are more familiar. It is also the precious form of matter that caused life to form and evolve in the Universe.

On the largest scales, the Universe looks the same wherever you look at it. It shows a bubbly and frothy appearance, with extremely massive filaments and huge filaments composed of dark matter intertwining with each other, creating a web-like structure known as the Cosmic Network. The ghostly and transparent filaments of the great cosmic web are traced by myriads of galaxies burning with the fires of brilliant starlight, thus outlining the immense intertwined tresses of dark matter containing the galaxies of the visible Universe. Huge, cavernous, dark and almost empty Empty interrupt this web-like pattern. Tea Empty they harbor few galaxies, and this is the reason why they appear to be completely empty. In dramatic contrast, the massive starlit filaments of the cosmic web weave around these almost empty Emptycreating a fabulous and complicated twisted knot.

Some cosmologists have proposed that the entire large-scale structure of the Universe is actually composed of a single filament and a single empty twisted together in an intricate and complex tangle.

Enter the Hexaquark d-star

Tea d star hexaquark consists of six quarks. These fundamental particles normally combine in trios to form the protons and neutrons of the atomic nucleus. Most importantly, the six quarks in a d star hexaquark create a boson particle. This indicates that when a large number of star hexaquarks d are present that can dance together and combine in very different ways than protons and neutrons. HAS boson It is a particle that carries energy. For example, photons is it so bosons

The team of scientists from the University of York proposes that under the conditions that existed shortly after the Big Bang, a multitude of star hexaquarks d could have been brought together and then combined when the Universe cooled from its original extremely hot state and then expanded to give rise to a fifth state of matter, called a Bose–Einstein condensate.

HAS Bose–Einstein condensate it is a state of matter in which separate atoms or subatomic particles, cooled to near absolute zero, coalesce into a single quantum entity, that is, one that can be described by a wave function, on an almost macroscopic scale.

Dr. Mikhail Bashkanov and Dr. Daniel Watts from York University’s Department of Physics published the first assessment of the feasibility of this new dark matter candidate.

Dr. Watts noted on a March 3, 2020 York University Press Release that “The origin of dark matter in the Universe is one of the most important questions in science and one that, until now, has been left blank.”

“Our first calculations indicate that the condensation of d-stars are a new feasible candidate for dark matter and this new possibility appears worthy of further investigation,” he added.

“The result is particularly exciting as it does not require any new concepts for physics,” continued Dr Watts.

Co-author Dr. Bashkanov explained in the same York University Press Release that “The next step in establishing this new dark matter candidate will gain a better understanding of how the d-stars interact: when they attract each other and when they repel each other. We are teaching new measures to create d-stars inside an atomic nucleus and see if their properties are different than when they are in free space.”

The scientists now plan to collaborate with researchers in Germany and the United States to test their new theory.dark matter and hunt d star hexaquarks In the universe.